Question 1

A research laboratory is investigating the mechanisms of viral latency in herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1). During latency in sensory neurons, the viral genome exists as a circular episome. Whichof the following viral gene products is thought to play a crucial role in maintaining this latent state and preventing viral gene expression?

Options :

A : Immediate-early (IE) proteins such as ICP4 and ICP27.

B : Early (E) proteins such as thymidine kinase and DNA polymerase.

C : Late (L) proteins such as structural glycoproteins.

D : Latency-associated transcripts (LATs).

Answer: D

Question 2

The human virome, the collection of viruses that reside in and on the human body, is increasinglyrecognized for its role in health and disease. Which of the following statements regarding the human virome is MOST accurate?

Options :

A : The human virome is primarily composed of pathogenic viruses that cause acute infections.

B : The composition of the human virome is relatively stable over time and is not influenced by environmental factors.

C : Bacteriophages, viruses that infect bacteria, are a significant component of the human gut virome.

D : The human virome is largely independent of the host's immune status.

Answer: C

Question 3

A clinical microbiology laboratory is using flow cytometry to analyze lymphocyte subsets in a patient with suspected immunodeficiency. Which of the following cell surface markers is typically used to identify helper T cells?

Options :

A : CD8

B : CD4

C : CD19

D : CD56

Answer: B

Question 4

During the investigation of a foodborne illness outbreak linked to raw sprouts, several bacterial isolates are obtained from patient stool samples and the implicated food source. Which of the following molecular methods would be MOST useful for establishing a definitive link between the clinical isolates and the food isolate?

Options :

A : Gram staining and biochemical profiling

B : Serotyping based on O and H antigens

C : Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE)

D : Antimicrobial susceptibility testing

Answer: C

Question 5

A clinical trial is evaluating the efficacy of a new antifungal agent against invasive aspergillosis. Serum galactomannan levels are being used as a biomarker to monitor the infection. A decrease in galactomannan levels during treatment would indicate:

Options :

A : Development of resistance to the antifungal agent.

B : Successful clearance or reduction of the Aspergillus burden.

C : A false-positive result in the galactomannan assay.

D : Concurrent infection with a non-Aspergillus mold.

Answer: B

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